美国全额奖学金申请秘笈大公开（一）

　　奖学金的种类
　　从严格意义上讲，所谓美国大学“奖学金”应称为“经济资助(financial aid)”，这些奖学金有些是基金会、企业、公司、工厂或私人捐助给学院的，金额从五百美元到十几万美元不等，大部分限制只提供给美国公民，供给国际学生的很少。
　　Financial Aid
　　Money provided to the student and the family to help them pay for the student"s education. Major forms of financial aid include gift aid (grants and scholarships) and self-help aid (loans and work).
　　Fellowship
　　MA form of aid given to graduate students to help support their education. Some fellowships include a tuition waiver or a payment to the university in lieu of tuition. Most fellowships include a stipend to cover reasonable living expenses (e.g., just above the poverty line). Fellowships are a form of gift aid and do not have to be repaid.
　　Scholarship
　　A form of financial aid given to undergraduate students to help pay for their education. Most scholarships are restricted to paying all or part of tuition expenses, though some scholarships also cover room and board. Scholarships are a form of gift aid and do not have to be repaid. Many scholarships are restricted to students in specific courses of study or with academic, athletic or artistic talent.
　　Grant
　　A type of financial aid based on financial need that the student does not have to repay.
　　Graduate Assistantship
　　There are two types of graduate assistantships: teaching assistantships (TA) and research assistantships (RA). TAs and RAs receive a full or partial tuition waiver and a small living stipend. TAs are required to perform teaching duties. RAs are required to perform research duties, not necessarily related to the student"s thesis research.
　　Renewable Scholarships
　　A scholarship that is awarded for more than one year. Usually the student must maintain certain academic standards to be eligible for subsequent years of the award. Some renewable scholarships will require the student to reapply for the scholarship each year; others will just require a report on the student"s progress to a degree.